Franjoine MR, Darr N, Scheid J.   Predicting Performance of Children on the Pediatric Balance Scale, Second Edition Using PBS Scores.  Accepted for platform presentation at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting.  Houston TX, February 2025. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy, 4, 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000001174d

We developed a formula to predict PBS-2 scores from scores obtained when using the original version of the Pediatric Balance Scale. This formula can be used by clinicians to guide decision making when transitioning from the original version of the PBS to the PBS-2.

Norton C, Darr N, Franjoine MR.  Clinical Dynamic Visual Acuity Testing in Children in Community Settings.   Accepted for platform presentation at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting.  Houston TX, February 2025. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy, 4, 124-164. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000001175

This study examined non-instrumented dynamic visual acuity testing in children in community based settings. DVA testing can be performed in children 3 years and older. The authors highly recommend implementing non-instrumented DVA testing to identify when referrals are indicated for instrumented testing.

Darr N, Franjoine M, Norton C, Young B.  Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years.  Children 2025:12(1);35 https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010035

This study examined standing times for four static standing positions in children aged 2 through 13 years who are developing typically. The effects of altered sensory input on standing times was also examined, as well as influences of sex, height, weight, and BMI on static standing were also examined.

Lewis K,  Norton C, Darr N, Cauthen H.  Normative Values for Instrumented Gaze Stabilization Visual Acuity Test Following Fatigue.  Poster presentation at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Boston MA, February 2024.

Michaels N, Darr N, Alama C, Callahan C, Jacobs T, Rungee A, Youngblood M.  The Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Balance in Ambulatory Individuals With Down Syndrome: An Interventional Feasibility Study.  The Journal of Aquatic Physical Therapy 2023:31(2); 41-49.

This study examined impact of aquatic exercise on balance in children, adolescents and young adults with Down Syndrome. The PBS-2 was used as an outcomes measure.

Norton C, Darr N, Franjoine M, Young B. Examining the Effects of Otitis Media on Children’s Balance Using the PBS-2.  Poster presentation at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting, San Diego, CA. February 2023. [Abstr]Pediatric Physical Therapy 2023:35(1);115-160.

Franjoine M, Darr N, Young B, McCoy S, LaForme Fiss A. Examination of the effects of age, sex, and motor ability level on balance capabilities in children with cerebral palsy GMFCS levels I, II, III and typical development using the Pediatric Balance Scale, Developmental Neurorehabilitation. 2022: 25(2):115-124. DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2021.1943033.

This article explores the effects of age, sex, and motor ability level on balance capabilities in preschoolers with and without cerebral palsy. The PBS was administered to 477 children, ages 24 through 59 months. 258 of these children had typical development and 219 had CP GMFCS levels I, II and III. PBS scores were significantly affected by age, motor ability, and sex, with significant interaction between motor ability and sex. Performance on individual items was also affected by age and GMFCS level. PBS performance values for this group of children based on age and GMFCS level are also presented in this article.

Franjoine M, Darr N, Young B.  Ability of the PBS-2 to Differentiate Balance Dysfunction in Children Ages 2 to 13 Years.  Platform presentation at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting, San Antonio Texas. February 2022.  [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2022:34(1);90-96.

Franjoine M, Darr N, Young B. Performance of Children Developing Typically on the Pediatric Balance Scale, 2nd Edition. Platform presentation at the 2021 APTA Combined Sections meeting (virtual due to COVID-19). [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2021:33(1);E28-E37.

Michaels N, Alama C, Callahan C, Jacobs T, Rungee A, Youngblood M, Darr N. Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Balance in Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome. Platform presentation at the 2021 APTA Combined Sections Meeting (Virtual due to Covid-19). February 2021.

Darr N, Franjoine MR, Young B. Reliability of the Pediatric Balance Scale, Second Edition. Poster presentation at the 2020 APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Denver CO. Also presented at the NDTA virtual conference, March 2021. [Abstr] Pediatr Phys Ther. 2020:32(1);E15-E58.

Darr N, Franjoine MR, Young B. Can the PBS Differentiate Balance Ability in Preschoolers with Cerebral Palsy? Poster presentation at the 2018 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta Georgia, October 9, 2017.

Darr N, Franjoine MR, Young B. Performance of Preschool Age Children on the Pediatric Balance Scale: A Comparison of Capabilities among Children with Typical Development and Cerebral Palsy GMFCS Levels I, II, and III. Platform presentation at the 2017 APTA Combined Sections meeting, San Antonio TX, January 2017. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2017;29(1);E1-E6.

Franjoine MR, Darr N, Young B. Minimal Detectable Difference and Meaningful Change in Children with Cerebral Palsy on the Pediatric Balance Scale. Poster presentation at the IV Step Conference sponsored by the APTA Sections on Pediatrics and Neurology. Ohio State University, Columbus OH, July 12, 2016.

Darr N, Franjoine MR, Young B. Effect of Age, Gender, Balance Dysfunction and Floor Surface on Tandem Stance in Children. Poster presentation at the 2016 APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Anaheim CA, February 10, 2016. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2016:28(1);E8-E54.

Darr NS, Franjoine MR, Cambpell SK, Smith EV. Psychometric Properties of the Pediatric Balance Scale Using Rasch Analysis. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2015:27(4);337-48.

This article describes Rasch analysis of the Pediatric Balance Scale.

Franjoine MR, Darr N. Functional Mobility on the Cheap: Quick, Easy, Clinician-Friendly Measures. Educational session presentation at the 2015 APTA Section on Pediatrics Annual Conference. November 7, 2015.

Franjoine MR, Darr N. Functional Balance on the Cheap: Quick, Easy, Clinician-Friendly Measures. Educational session presentation at the 2015 APTA Section on Pediatrics Annual Conference. November 7, 2015.

Bierman JC, Franjoine MR, Howle JW, Hazzard CM, Stamer MH. Sneak Peek: NDT Next Generation. This pre-conference course was presented at the NDTA Annual conference in Orlando Florida. April 14, 2015.

Darr N, Franjoine M, Young B. Evaluation of a New Methodology for Examining Forward Reach in Children. Poster presentation at the 2015 APTA Combined Sections meeting, Indianapolis, IN, February 12 2015. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2015:27(1);E1-8.

Darr N, Franjoine M, Young B. Effect of Age, Gender, Balance Dysfunction and Floor Surface on Single Limb Stance in Children. Poster presentation at the 2014 APTA Section on Pediatrics, St. Louis, MO, October 21, 2014. Abstract: Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2014;26(4):475.

Franjoine M, Darr N, Smith E, Campbell SK. Rasch Analysis of the Pediatric Balance Scale. Poster presentation at the 2014 APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, February 5, 2014. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2014;26(1):15-116.

Franjoine M, Darr N, Young B. Comparison of Two Reach Tasks in Children Developing Typically Ages Two to Thirteen Years. Poster presentation at the 2013 APTA Section on Pediatrics annual conference, November 6, 2013. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2013;25(4):479-480.

Franjoine M, Darr N, Young B. Pediatric Balance Scale Responsiveness to Functional Balance Changes in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Platform presentation at the 2013 APTA Combined Sections meeting, San Diego, CA, January 14, 2013. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2013:25(1);80-89.

Bierman JC, Franjoine MR. Is It Posture or Is It Movement? Unlocking the Mystery. Concurrent educational session presented at the APTA Section on Pediatrics Annual Conference, Orlando FL, October 9, 2012.

Bierman JC, Franjoine MR. Clinical Solutions for the Posture and Movement Puzzle. Educational session presentation at the 2012 APTA Section on Pediatrics Annual Conference, Orlando FL. October 9, 2012.

Darr N, Franjoine M, Freatman KJ, Kibbler C, Jagord A. Tandem Stance Timed Performance Profiles for Children Developing Typically, Ages 2 to 13 Years. Poster presentation at the 2012 APTA Section on Pediatrics Annual Conference, Orlando FL, October 8, 2012. . [Abstr] Pediatr Phys Ther. 2012;24(4):373.

Darr N, Franjoine M, Young B. Timed Performance Profiles for Five Standing Activities in Children Developing Typically, Ages 2 to 13. Platform presentation at the 2012 APTA Combined Sections Meeting in Chicago IL, January 29, 2012. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2012;24(1):86-95.

Franjoine MR, Darr NS, Young B, Crandall J, Cross J, Falker C. Single Limb Stance Timed Performance Profiles for Children Developing Typically Ages Two to Ten Years. This poster presentation was presented at the 2011 APTA Section on Pediatrics Annual conference in Anaheim, CA. July 31, 2011. [Abst] Pediat Phys Ther. 2011;23(3);314.

Darr N, Franjoine MR, Young B, et al. Comparison of the Pediatric Balance Scale with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition. Platform presentation at the 2011 APTA Combined Sections meeting, New Orleans, LA, January 30, 2011. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2011;23(1);97.

Franjoine MR, Darr NS, Young B, Kott K, Held S. The Performance of Children Developing Typically on the Pediatric Balance Scale. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2010;22(4):350-360.

This article describes typical performance expectations on the PBS by age and sex for children ages 2 through 13 years.

Franjoine MR, Darr N S, Young B, Copeland H, Crosset N, Mattera T, Parker J, Quong A, Sands M, Snodgrass L. Comparison of the Pediatric Balance Scale with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales- Second Edition. Platform presentation at the 2010 APTA Combined Sections meeting, San Diego CA, January 29, 2010. [Abstr]Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2010;22(1):95.

Franjoine MR, Darr NS, Young B. The Development of Single Limb Stance in Children Ages Two to Twelve Years. Poster Presentation at the 2010 APTA Section on Pediatrics Annual Conference, Orlando Florida, January 9, 2010. [Abstr] Pediatr Phys Ther.2009;21(4):385. This poster was also presented at the NDTA Annual Conference: Clinical Problem Solving in the Context of NDT: St. Louis MO, May 2010.

Darr NS, Franjoine MR, Young B, Abbott H, Basso G, Brennan A, Gilliland E, Loggains B, Rogers R, Held S, Kott K. Pediatric balance scale performance in children who are developing typically and inchildren with mild developmental delays. American Physical Therapy Association Combined SectionsMeeting. Las Vegas, NV. Platform Presentation. February 2009. [Abstr] Pediatr Phys Ther.2009;21(1):89.

Franjoine MR, Darr N,Young B, Cozby R, King J, Knuckles R, Lesniewski D, Murphy E, Myers B. Test-retest, Intrarater, and Interratar Reliability of the Pediatric Balance Scale in Children Ages 2 to 5. Platform Presentation at theAmericanPhysicalTherapy AssociationCombinedSectionsMeeting,Nashville,TN,February,2008

Franjoine MR, Darr N, Young B, Cozby R, King, J, Knuckles, R, Lesniewski D, Murphy E, Myers B. Test-retest, Intrarater, and Interrater Reliability of the Pediatric Balance Scale in Children Ages Two to Five Years. Platform presentation at the 2008 APTA Combined Sections Meeting, Nashville TN, January 31, 2008. .[Abstr] Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008:20(1):91-22

Padbidri P, Straube D, Campbell S, Bulanda M, Franjoine MR. A Validation Study of the Pediatric Balance Scale Using Rasch Analysis. Poster presentation at the 2008 APTA Combined Sections meeting, Nashville, TN, January 30, 2008.

Huber K, Franjoine MR, Mazzone MA. The Effects of Imposing Concurrent Cognitive Tasks on an Upright Postural Control Training Program on Functional Balance and Mobility in a School-aged Population. Poster Presentation at the APTA CSM meeting in 2006, January 29, 2006. [Abstr] Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2005:17(1);93-94.

Franjoine MR and Young B. The Performance of Six School-age Children with Cerebral Palsy on the Pediatric Balance Scale: A Three-year Study of Changes in Functional Balance. Poster presentation at CSM 2004, January 31, 2004.

Franjoine MR, Gunther JS, Taylor MJ. The Pediatric Balance Scale: A Modified Version of the Berg Balance Scale for Children with Mild to Moderate Motor Impairment. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2003:15(2);114-128.

This article introduces the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). The PBS was modified from the Berg Balance Scale and was to developed to measure balance in children with mild to moderate motor impairments. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the Pediatric Balance Scale.

Franjoine MR, Gunther JS, Taylor MJ. The Pediatric Balance Scale: A Modified Version of The Berg Balance Scale For Children With Mild To Moderate Motor Impairment [Abstr]: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;48(88):42.

This abstract provides information on the development of the Pediatric Balance Scale.

Kott KM, Held SL, Franjoine MR. Normative Data For Two Tests of Upright Functional Skills In Children. Poster Presentation at the APTA Combined Sections Meeting, 2001. [Abstr]Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2001:13(4);199.